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Kickoff synthetic plastic

Bakelite
3-D Structure of Bakelite.png
Identifiers

CAS Number
  • 9003-35-iv

3D model (JSmol)
  • Interactive image
ChemSpider
  • none

SMILES

  • Oc0ccccc0Cc0cc(C1)c(O)c(c0)Cc0c(O)ccc(c0)Cc0ccc(O)c(c0)Cc0c(O)ccc(c0)Cc0c(O)ccc(c0)Cc0c(O)c(C2)cc(c0)Cc0c(O)ccc(c0)Cc(c0O)cc2cc0Cc0cc(Cc2ccc(O)cc2)c(O)c(c0)Cc0c(O)ccc(c0)C1
Backdrop

Chemic formula

 (C6H6O·CHtwoO)n
Molar mass Variable
Appearance Brown solid
Density 1.iii yard/cm3 [1]
Thermal conductivity 0.2 W/(m·K)[one]

Refractive index (n D)

 i.63[2]
Thermochemistry

Heat capacity (C)

0.92 kJ/(kg·Thou)[ane]

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard land (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Chemical chemical compound

Polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride, better known as Bakelite ( BAY-kÉ™-lyte), was the commencement plastic made from synthetic components. It is a thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, formed from a condensation reaction of phenol with formaldehyde. It was developed by the Belgian chemist Leo Baekeland in Yonkers, New York, in 1907.

Bakelite was patented on December 7, 1909.

Considering of its electrical nonconductivity and rut-resistant properties it became a great commercial success. It was used in electrical insulators, radio and phone casings, and such diverse products as kitchenware, jewelry, pipe stems, children's toys, and firearms. The "retro" appeal of sometime Bakelite products has made them collectible.[3]

The creation of a synthetic plastic was revolutionary for the chemical manufacture, which at that time made about of its income from textile dyes, and explosives. The commercial success of Bakelite inspired the industry to pour money into developing other synthetic plastics. In recognition of its significance equally the globe's beginning constructed plastic, which transformed the chemical industry, Bakelite was designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark on November ix, 1993, by the American Chemical Society.[4]

History [edit]

Baekeland was already wealthy due to his invention of Velox photographic paper when he began to investigate the reactions of phenol and formaldehyde in his home laboratory. Chemists had begun to recognize that many natural resins and fibers were polymers. Baekeland's initial intent was to find a replacement for shellac, a cloth in limited supply because it was made naturally from the excretion of lac insects (specifically Kerria lacca). Baekeland produced a soluble phenol-formaldehyde shellac called "Novolak", simply it was not a market success.[iv]

Baekeland then began experimenting on strengthening wood by impregnating it with a synthetic resin, rather than coating it.[4] By decision-making the pressure and temperature applied to phenol and formaldehyde, Baekeland produced a hard moldable material that he named "Bakelite," after himself.[5] [6] It was the get-go constructed thermosetting plastic produced, and Baekeland speculated on "the thousand and one ... articles" it could be used to make.[7] : 58–59 Baekeland considered the possibilities of using a wide variety of filling materials, including cotton wool, powdered bronze, and slate grit, but was most successful with woods and asbestos fibers,[seven] though asbestos was gradually abandoned by all manufacturers due to stricter environmental laws.[8] : 9

Baekeland filed a substantial number of patents in the surface area.[iv] Bakelite, his "method of making insoluble products of phenol and formaldehyde," was filed on July xiii, 1907, and granted on December 7, 1909.[9] Baekeland as well filed for patent protection in other countries, including Belgium, Canada, Kingdom of denmark, Republic of hungary, Japan, Mexico, Russian federation, and Espana.[10] He announced his invention at a meeting of the American Chemic Society on February v, 1909.[11]

The showtime semi-commercial Bakelizer, from Baekeland's laboratory, 1935

Baekeland started semi-commercial production of his new textile in his home laboratory, marketing it equally a cloth for electric insulators. In the summer of 1909 he licensed the continental European rights to Rütger AG. The subsidiary formed at that time, Bakelite AG, was the beginning to produce Bakelite at an industrial scale.[ane]

By 1910, Baekeland was producing enough cloth in the United states of america to justify expansion. He formed the General Bakelite Company of Perth Amboy, NJ, as a U.S. company to manufacture and marketplace his new industrial material. He likewise fabricated overseas connections to produce materials in other countries.[4]

The Bakelite Company produced "transparent" cast resin (which did not include filler) for a pocket-size market during the 1910s and 1920s.[12] : 172–174 Blocks or rods of cast resin, too known equally "artificial amber", were machined and carved to create items such as pipe stems, cigarette holders and jewelry.[12] [13] Even so, the need for molded plastics led the Bakelite company to concentrate on molding, rather than concentrating on cast solid resins.[12] : 172–174

The Bakelite Corporation was formed in 1922 after patent litigation favorable to Baekeland, from a merger of three companies: Baekeland'south General Bakelite Company; the Condensite Company, founded by J. West. Aylesworth; and the Redmanol Chemical Products Company, founded by Lawrence V. Redman.[14] Under director of ad and public relations Allan Brown, who came to Bakelite from Condensite, Bakelite was aggressively marketed as "the material of a thousand uses".[7] : 58–59 [fifteen] A filing for a trademark featuring the letter of the alphabet B above the mathematical symbol for infinity was fabricated Baronial 25, 1925, and claimed the mark was in use as of December 1, 1924. A wide multifariousness of uses were listed in their trademark applications.[16]

Colour chart for Bakelite "jewel" quality colors (bandage resin or "Clear Material"), 1924

The commencement event of Plastics magazine, October 1925, featured Bakelite on its cover, and included the article "Bakelite – What It Is" by Allan Brown. The range of colors bachelor included "blackness, brown, cherry, yellow, greenish, grayness, blue, and blends of two or more of these".[17] The article emphasized that Bakelite came in various forms. "Bakelite is manufactured in several forms to suit varying requirements. In all these forms the central basis is the initial Bakelite resin. This diversity includes clear material, for jewelry, smokers' articles, etc.; cement, using in sealing electrical light bulbs in metallic bases; varnishes, for impregnating electric coils, etc.; lacquers, for protecting the surface of hardware; enamels, for giving resistive coating to industrial equipment; Laminated Bakelite, used for silent gears and insulation; and molding cloth, from which are formed innumerable articles of utility and beauty. The molding material is prepared ordinarily past the impregnation of cellulose substances with the initial 'uncured' resin."[xv] : 17 In a 1925 report, the United States Tariff Committee hailed the commercial manufacture of synthetic phenolic resin as "distinctly an American achievement", and noted that "the publication of figures, however, would be a virtual disclosure of the product of an individual visitor".[18]

In England, Bakelite Limited, a merger of three British phenol formaldehyde resin suppliers (Damard Lacquer Company Express of Birmingham, Mouldensite Express of Darley Dale and Redmanol Chemical Products Visitor of London), was formed in 1926. A new Bakelite factory opened in Tyseley, Birmingham, effectually 1928.[19] Information technology was demolished in 1998.[ commendation needed ]

A new factory opened in Bound Brook, New Jersey, in 1931.[seven] : 75

In 1939, the companies were acquired by Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation.

In 2005 High german Bakelite manufacturer Bakelite AG was acquired by Borden Chemical of Columbus, OH, at present Hexion Inc.[2]

In addition to the original Bakelite material, these companies somewhen made a broad range of other products, many of which were marketed nether the brand name "Bakelite plastics". These included other types of bandage phenolic resins similar to Catalin, and urea-formaldehyde resins, which could be made in brighter colors than polyoxy­benzyl­methylene­glycol­anhydride.[3] [7]

Once Baekeland's rut and pressure patents expired in 1927, Bakelite Corporation faced serious competition from other companies. Because molded Bakelite incorporated fillers to give it forcefulness, it tended to be made in concealing dark colors.[7] In 1927, beads, bangles and earrings were produced by the Catalin company, through a dissimilar process which enabled them to introduce 15 new colors. Translucent jewelry, poker fries and other items fabricated of phenolic resins were introduced in the 1930s or 1940s by the Catalin company under the Prystal name.[20] [21] The creation of marbled phenolic resins may also be owing to the Catalin company.[ citation needed ]

Synthesis [edit]

External video
video icon "Making Bakelite Plastic", NileRed

Making Bakelite is a multi-stage process. It begins with heating of phenol and formaldehyde in the presence of a goad such as hydrochloric acrid, zinc chloride, or the base ammonia. This creates a liquid condensation production, referred to as Bakelite A, which is soluble in alcohol, acetone, or additional phenol. Heated farther, the product becomes partially soluble and tin withal exist softened by estrus. Sustained heating results in an "insoluble difficult gum". However, the high temperatures required to create this tends to cause violent foaming of the mixture when done at standard atmospheric pressure level, which results in the cooled textile being porous and breakable. Baekeland's innovative stride was to put his "last condensation product" into an egg-shaped "Bakelizer". Past heating information technology nether pressure, at about 150 °C (300 °F), Baekeland was able to suppress the foaming that would otherwise occur. The resulting substance is extremely difficult and both infusible and insoluble.[three] : 67 [7] : 38–39

  • Counterbalance room

  • Still room

  • Cooling room

  • Resin and varnish inspection laboratory

  • Testing resin samples

  • Evolution laboratory

Pinch molding [edit]

A combustion engine's spark benefactor rotor made of Bakelite

Molded Bakelite forms in a condensation reaction of phenol and formaldehyde, with wood flour or asbestos fiber as a filler, nether high force per unit area and heat in a fourth dimension frame of a few minutes of curing. The result is a hard plastic cloth.[22] Asbestos was gradually abandoned as filler considering many countries banned the production of asbestos.[8] : nine

Bakelite's molding process had a number of advantages. Bakelite resin could be provided either as powder, or as preformed partially cured slugs, increasing the speed of the casting. Thermosetting resins such equally Bakelite required heat and pressure during the molding bike, just could be removed from the molding process without being cooled, once more making the molding process faster. As well, because of the smooth polished surface that resulted, Bakelite objects required less finishing.[23] Millions of parts could exist duplicated quickly and relatively cheaply.[7] : 42–43

Phenolic canvas [edit]

Another market place for Bakelite resin was the cosmos of phenolic sheet materials. Phenolic sheet is a hard, dense fabric made by applying heat and pressure to layers of paper or glass textile impregnated with constructed resin.[7] : 53 Paper, cotton fiber fabrics, constructed fabrics, glass fabrics and unwoven fabrics are all possible materials used in lamination. When heat and pressure are applied, polymerization transforms the layers into thermosetting industrial laminated plastic.[24]

Bakelite phenolic sail is produced in many commercial grades and with diverse additives to run into various mechanical, electric and thermal requirements. Some common types include:[25]

  • Paper reinforced NEMA XX per MIL-I-24768 PBG. Normal electrical applications, moderate mechanical strength, continuous operating temperature of 250 °F (120 °C).
  • Sheet reinforced NEMA C per MIL-I-24768 TYPE FBM NEMA CE per MIL-I-24768 TYPE FBG. Skilful mechanical and touch strength with continuous operating temperature of 250 °F (120 °C).
  • Linen reinforced NEMA L per MIL-I-24768 TYPE FBI NEMA LE per MIL-I-24768 Type FEI. Good mechanical and electric strength. Recommended for intricate high strength parts. Continuous operating temperature 250 °F (120 °C).
  • Nylon reinforced NEMA Due north-1 per MIL-I-24768 Blazon NPG. Superior electrical properties nether humid weather condition, mucus resistant, continuous operating temperature of 160 °F (lxx °C).

Properties [edit]

Ericsson Bakelite phone, c. 1931

Bakelite alphabetic character opener c. 1920

Bakelite radio at Bakelite museum

Bakelite has a number of of import properties. Information technology tin be molded very apace, decreasing production fourth dimension. Moldings are smooth, retain their shape and are resistant to estrus, scratches, and subversive solvents. It is besides resistant to electricity, and prized for its low conductivity. It is not flexible.[seven] : 44–45 [23] [26]

Phenolic resin products may neat slightly under conditions of farthermost humidity or perpetual dampness.[27] When rubbed or burnt, Bakelite has a distinctive, acrid, sickly-sweet or fishy scent.[28]

Applications and uses [edit]

One-time tumbler switch composed of Bakelite

The characteristics of Bakelite made it particularly suitable as a molding compound, an adhesive or bounden agent, a varnish, and a protective blanket. Bakelite was particularly suitable for the emerging electrical and automobile industries because of its extraordinarily high resistance to electricity, heat, and chemical action.[seven] : 44–45

The earliest commercial use of Bakelite in the electrical industry was the molding of tiny insulating bushings, fabricated in 1908 for the Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation by Richard Westward. Seabury of the Boonton Rubber Company.[7] : 43 [29] Bakelite was soon used for non-conducting parts of telephones, radios and other electrical devices, including bases and sockets for lite bulbs and electron tubes (vacuum tubes), supports for any type of electrical components, automobile distributor caps and other insulators.[seven] [30] By 1912, it was being used to brand billiard balls, since its elasticity and the sound it fabricated were similar to ivory.[31] [32]

During Globe War I, Bakelite was used widely, particularly in electrical systems. Important projects included the Liberty airplane engine,[33] the wireless telephone and radio phone,[34] and the use of micarta-bakelite propellors in the NBS-ane bomber and the DH-4B aeroplane.[35] [36]

Bakelite's availability and ease and speed of molding helped to lower the costs and increase production availability so that telephones and radios became common household consumer appurtenances.[7] : 116–117 [37] [38] Information technology was also very important to the developing automobile industry.[39] It was soon establish in myriad other consumer products ranging from pipe stems and buttons to saxophone mouthpieces, cameras, early machine guns, and appliance casings. Bakelite was likewise very ordinarily used in making molded grip panels (stocks) on handguns, submachine guns and machineguns, as well every bit numerous knife handles and "scales" through the first half of the 20th century.[40]

Get-go in the 1920s, information technology became a pop material for jewelry.[41] Designer Coco Chanel included Bakelite bracelets in her costume jewelry collections.[42] : 27–29 Designers such as Elsa Schiaparelli used information technology for jewelry and besides for specially designed clothes buttons.[43] [44] Subsequently, Diana Vreeland, editor of Faddy, was enthusiastic about Bakelite.[45] Bakelite was also used to brand presentation boxes for Breitling watches.[46]

By 1930, designer Paul T. Frankl considered Bakelite a "Materia Nova", "expressive of our ain age".[7] : 107 By the 1930s, Bakelite was used for game pieces similar chessmen, poker chips,[47] dominoes[48] and mahjong sets.[49] [fifty] Kitchenware made with Bakelite, including canisters and tableware, was promoted for its resistance to rut and to chipping.[51] [52] In the mid-1930s, Northland marketed a line of skis with a black "Ebonite" base, a coating of Bakelite.[53] [54] Past 1935, information technology was used in solid-body electrical guitars. Performers such as Jerry Byrd loved the tone of Bakelite guitars but constitute them difficult to continue in tune.[55]

Charles Plimpton patented BAYKO in 1933 and rushed out his starting time construction sets for Christmas 1934. He called the toy Bayko Lite Constructional Sets, the words "Bayko Light" being a pun on the word "Bakelite."[56]

During World War II, Bakelite was used in a diversity of wartime equipment including airplane pilot's goggles and field telephones.[57] Information technology was besides used for patriotic wartime jewelry.[58] [59] In 1943, the thermosetting phenolic resin was even considered for the manufacture of coins, due to a shortage of traditional material. Bakelite and other non-metallic materials were tested for usage for the one cent coin in the US before the Mint settled on zinc-coated steel.[60] [61]

During World War II, Bakelite buttons were part of British uniforms. These included brown buttons for the Army and black buttons for the RAF.[62]

In 1947, Dutch fine art forger Han van Meegeren was convicted of forgery, after pharmacist and curator Paul B. Coremans proved that a purported Vermeer independent Bakelite, which van Meegeren had used equally a pigment hardener.[63]

Bakelite was sometimes used in the pistol grip, paw guard, and butt stock of firearms. The AKM and some early AK-74 rifles are frequently mistakenly identified as using Bakelite, but about were made with AG-4S.[64]

Past the belatedly 1940s, newer materials were superseding Bakelite in many areas.[39] Phenolics are less often used in general consumer products today due to their cost and complexity of production and their brittle nature. They all the same appear in some applications where their specific backdrop are required, such as small precision-shaped components, molded disc brake cylinders, bucket handles, electrical plugs, switches and parts for electrical irons, besides as in the area of cheap board and tabletop games produced in Prc, Hong Kong and India. Items such as billiard balls, dominoes and pieces for board games such as chess, checkers, and backgammon are constructed of Bakelite for its look, immovability, fine polish, weight, and sound.[ citation needed ] Common dice are sometimes fabricated of Bakelite for weight and sound, just the majority are made of a thermoplastic polymer such every bit acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Bakelite continues to be used for wire insulation, brake pads and related automotive components, and industrial electrical-related applications. Bakelite stock is still manufactured and produced in sheet, rod and tube course for industrial applications in the electronics, ability generation and aerospace industries, and under a variety of commercial brand names.[39]

Phenolic resins have been commonly used in ablative heat shields.[65] Soviet heatshields for ICBM warheads and spacecraft reentry consisted of asbestos textolite, impregnated with Bakelite.[66] Bakelite is also used in the mounting of metal samples in metallography.[67]

Collectible status [edit]

Bakelite items, especially jewelry and radios, have become a pop collectible.[39] The term Bakelite is sometimes used in the resale marketplace to point diverse types of early plastics, including Catalin and Faturan, which may be brightly colored, as well equally items fabricated of Bakelite textile.[38] [68]

Patents [edit]

The U.s.a. Patent and Trademark Role granted Baekeland a patent for a "Method of making insoluble products of phenol and formaldehyde" on Dec seven, 1909.[ix] Producing hard, compact, insoluble and infusible condensation products of phenols and formaldehyde marked the beginning of the modern plastics manufacture.[69]

Trademarks [edit]

Georgia-Pacific obtained the American trademark for Bakelite from Union Carbide. BAKELITE® is now a globally registered trademark of Hexion GmbH, Hexion Inc. and affiliates.

Similar plastics [edit]

  • Catalin is also a phenolic resin, similar to Bakelite, but contained dissimilar mineral fillers that immune the product of light colors.[70]
  • Condensites are similar thermoset materials having much the same properties, characteristics, and uses.[71]
  • Crystalate is an early on plastic.[72]
  • Faturan is phenolic resin, besides like to Bakelite, that turns red over time, regardless of its original color.[73]
  • Galalith is an early plastic derived from milk products.[74]
  • Micarta is an early composite insulating plate that used Bakelite every bit a binding agent. It was developed in 1910 by Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg Co.[75]
  • Novotext is a make name for cotton textile-phenolic resin.[76]

Run into as well [edit]

  • Bakelite Museum, Williton, Somerset, England
  • Ericsson DBH 1001 telephone
  • Prodema, a construction material with a bakelite core.

References [edit]

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External links [edit]

  • Baekeland, 50. H. (March 1909). "The Synthesis, Constitution, and Uses of Bakelite". Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 1 (three): 149–161. doi:10.1021/ie50003a004. ISSN 0095-9014.
  • All Things Bakelite: The Age of Plastic—trailer for a film by John Maher, with boosted video & resources
  • Amsterdam Bakelite Drove
  • Large Bakelite Collection
  • Bakelite: The Textile of a M Uses
  • Virtual Bakelite Museum of Ghent 1907–2007

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakelite

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