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Name of Speaker of the House of Representatives 2019

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Presiding officeholder of the United States House of Representatives

Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
Seal of the Speaker of the US House of Representatives.svg

Seal of the speaker
Flag of the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.svg

Flag of the speaker

Official photo of Speaker Nancy Pelosi in 2019.jpg

Incumbent
Nancy Pelosi
since January 3, 2019
United States House of Representatives
Style
  • Madam Speaker
    (informal)
  • The Honorable (formal)
Status Presiding officer
Seat United States Capitol, Washington, D.C.
Nominator Major parties (commonly)
Appointer Firm of Representatives
Term length At the Firm'due south pleasure; elected at the beginning of the new Congress by a majority of the representatives-elect, and upon a vacancy during a Congress.[1]
Constituting instrument United States Constitution
Formation March 4, 1789; 232 years agone  (1789-03-04)
First holder Frederick Muhlenberg
Apr 1, 1789
Succession Second (3 United states of americaC. § 19)[ii]
Deputy Banana Speaker of the Business firm of Representatives (Democratic Party usage just)
Salary $223,500 annually[iii]
Website speaker.gov

The speaker of the United States House of Representatives, commonly known as the speaker of the House, is the presiding officeholder of the United States Firm of Representatives. The function was established in 1789 by Article I, Department 2 of the U.Due south. Constitution. The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the Firm of Representatives and is simultaneously the House's presiding officer, de facto leader of the body'due south majority party, and the establishment's administrative caput. Speakers too perform various other administrative and procedural functions. Given these several roles and responsibilities, the speaker usually does not personally preside over debates. That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party. Neither does the speaker regularly participate in floor debates.

The Constitution does not require the speaker to be an incumbent fellow member of the House of Representatives, although every speaker thus far has been.[4] The speaker is second in the U.s. presidential line of succession, later on the vice president and ahead of the president pro tempore of the Senate.[2]

The current House speaker is Democrat Nancy Pelosi of California. She was elected to a fourth (2nd consecutive) term every bit speaker on Jan 3, 2021, the commencement mean solar day of the 117th Congress. She has led the Autonomous Political party in the Business firm since 2003, and is the commencement woman to serve as speaker.[5]

Selection [edit]

The House elects its speaker at the offset of a new Congress (i.e. biennially, after a general election) or when a speaker dies, resigns or is removed from the position intra-term. Since 1839, the House has elected speakers by roll phone call vote.[half-dozen] Traditionally, each party's caucus or conference selects a candidate for the speakership from among its senior leaders prior to the roll call. Representatives are non restricted to voting for the candidate nominated by their party, just by and large do, every bit the outcome of the election effectively determines which party has the bulk and consequently will organize the House.[7] As the Constitution does not explicitly state that the speaker must be an incumbent member of the Firm, it is permissible for representatives to vote for someone who is not a fellow member of the Business firm at the time, and non-members have received a few votes in diverse speaker elections over the by several years.[8] Every person elected speaker, all the same, has been a member.[7]

Representatives who choose to vote for someone other than their political party's nominated candidate unremarkably vote for someone else in their party or vote "present". Anyone who votes for the other party's candidate would face serious consequences, every bit was the example when Democrat Jim Traficant voted for Republican Dennis Hastert in 2001 (107th Congress). In response, the Democrats stripped him of his seniority and he lost all of his committee posts.[nine]

To be elected speaker, a candidate must receive a majority of the votes bandage. If no candidate wins a majority, the scroll call is repeated until a speaker is elected.[7] Multiple whorl calls have been necessary only 14 times (out of 126 speakership elections) since 1789; and not since 1923 (68th Congress), when a closely divided House needed nine ballots to elect Frederick H. Gillett speaker.[1] Upon winning ballot the new speaker is immediately sworn in by the dean of the United States Firm of Representatives, the chamber's longest-serving member.[x] [11]

History [edit]

Henry Clay (1811–1814, 1815–1820, 1823–1825) used his influence as speaker to ensure the passage of measures he favored

The first speaker of the House, Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania, was elected to office on Apr i, 1789, the day the House organized itself at the start of the 1st Congress. He served two non-sequent terms in the speaker'south chair, 1789–1791 (1st Congress) and 1793–1795 (tertiary Congress).[12]

As the Constitution does not country the duties of the speaker, the speaker's part has largely been shaped by traditions and community that evolved over time. Scholars are divided as to whether early speakers played largely ceremonial and impartial roles or whether they were more active partisan actors.[13]

From early on in its existence, the speaker's main function had been to go along lodge and enforce rules. The speakership was transformed into a position with ability over the legislative process nether Henry Clay (1811–1814, 1815–1820, and 1823–1825).[xiv] [xv] In contrast to many of his predecessors, Clay participated in several debates and used his influence to procure the passage of measures he supported—for instance, the declaration of the State of war of 1812, and diverse laws relating to Clay's "American Organization" economic plan. Furthermore, when no candidate received an Balloter College majority in the 1824 presidential election, causing the president to be elected by the House, Speaker Clay threw his support to John Quincy Adams instead of Andrew Jackson, thereby ensuring Adams' victory. Post-obit Clay'south retirement in 1825, the power of the speakership once once again began to refuse, despite speakership elections becoming increasingly bitter. Equally the Civil State of war approached, several sectional factions nominated their own candidates, often making it difficult for any candidate to achieve a majority. In 1855 and again in 1859, for example, the contest for speaker lasted for 2 months before the Business firm achieved a result. Speakers tended to accept very short tenures during this period. For case, from 1839 to 1863 in that location were eleven speakers, only one of whom served for more than 1 term. To engagement, James K. Polk is the just speaker of the Firm who was later elected president of the United States.

Towards the end of the 19th century, the office of speaker began to develop into a very powerful one. At the fourth dimension, one of the nigh important sources of the speaker's power was his position every bit Chairman of the Committee on Rules, which, afterward the reorganization of the commission system in 1880, became one of the most powerful continuing committees of the Firm. Furthermore, several speakers became leading figures in their political parties; examples include Democrats Samuel J. Randall, John Griffin Carlisle, and Charles F. Well-baked, and Republicans James G. Blaine, Thomas Brackett Reed, and Joseph Gurney Cannon.

The power of the speaker was greatly augmented during the tenure of the Republican Thomas Brackett Reed (1889–1891, 1895–1899). "Czar Reed", as he was called by his opponents,[16] sought to end the obstruction of bills by the minority, in detail by countering the tactic known as the "disappearing quorum".[17] By refusing to vote on a motion, the minority could ensure that a quorum would not be achieved and that the result would exist invalid. Reed, however, declared that members who were in the bedchamber but refused to vote would still count for the purposes of determining a quorum. Through these and other rulings, Reed ensured that the Democrats could not block the Republican calendar.

The speakership reached its apogee during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (1903–1911). Cannon exercised boggling control over the legislative procedure. He adamant the calendar of the House, appointed the members of all committees, chose commission chairmen, headed the Rules Committee, and determined which committee heard each bill. He vigorously used his powers to ensure that Republican proposals were passed by the House. In 1910, however, Democrats and several dissatisfied Republicans joined together to strip Cannon of many of his powers, including the power to proper name committee members and his chairmanship of the Rules Committee.[18] Fifteen years later, Speaker Nicholas Longworth restored much, but non all, of the lost influence of the position.

Sam Rayburn (1940–1947; 1949–1953; and 1955–1961) was the longest serving speaker

Ane of the most influential speakers in history was Democrat Sam Rayburn.[19] Rayburn had the about cumulative time as speaker in history, property office from 1940 to 1947, 1949 to 1953, and 1955 to 1961. He helped shape many bills, working quietly in the groundwork with House committees. He also helped ensure the passage of several domestic measures and foreign assist programs advocated by Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman.

Rayburn's successor, Democrat John Due west. McCormack (served 1962–1971), was a somewhat less influential speaker, particularly because of dissent from younger members of the Democratic Party. During the mid-1970s, the ability of the speakership once again grew under Democrat Carl Albert. The Committee on Rules ceased to be a semi-independent console, as it had been since 1910. Instead, it once again became an arm of the party leadership. Moreover, in 1975, the speaker was granted the authorization to appoint a bulk of the members of the Rules Committee. Meanwhile, the power of committee chairmen was concise, further increasing the relative influence of the speaker.

Albert's successor, Democrat Tip O'Neill, was a prominent speaker because of his public opposition to the policies of President Ronald Reagan. O'Neill is the longest continually serving speaker, from 1977 through 1987. He challenged Reagan on domestic programs and on defence force expenditures. Republicans made O'Neill the target of their election campaigns in 1980 and 1982 but Democrats managed to retain their majorities in both years.

The roles of the parties reversed in 1994 when, after spending forty years in the minority, the Republicans regained command of the House with the "Contract with America", an idea spearheaded by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich. Speaker Gingrich would regularly clash with Democratic President Pecker Clinton, leading to the United states of america federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996, in which Clinton was largely seen to have prevailed. Gingrich'due south hold on the leadership was weakened significantly by that and several other controversies, and he faced a caucus revolt in 1997. Subsequently the Republicans lost House seats in 1998 (although retaining a bulk) he did not stand for a third term as speaker. His successor, Dennis Hastert, had been chosen equally a compromise candidate since the other Republicans in the leadership were more controversial. Hastert played a much less prominent role than other contemporary speakers, being overshadowed by House Majority Leader Tom DeLay and President George West. Bush-league. The Republicans came out of the 2000 elections with a further reduced majority but fabricated small gains in 2002 and 2004. The periods of 2001–2002 and 2003–2007 were the first times since 1953–1955 that in that location was single-party Republican leadership in Washington, interrupted from 2001 to 2003 as Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican Party to become independent and caucused with Senate Democrats to give them a 51–49 majority.

In the 2006 midterm elections, the Democrats won a majority in the House. Nancy Pelosi became speaker when the 110th Congress convened on January 4, 2007, making her the start adult female to agree the role. With the ballot of Barack Obama as president and Democratic gains in both houses of Congress, Pelosi became the first speaker since Tom Foley to hold the part during single-party Democratic leadership in Washington.[20] During the 111th Congress, Pelosi was the driving force behind several of Obama's major initiatives that proved controversial, and the Republicans campaigned confronting the Democrats' legislation by staging a "Burn Pelosi" bus tour[21] and regained control of the House in the 2010 midterm elections.[22]

John Boehner was elected speaker when the 112th Congress convened on January 5, 2011, and was later on re-elected twice, at the start of the 113th and 114th Congresses. On both of those occasions his remaining in function was threatened past the defection of several members from his own party who chose not to vote for him.[23] [24] Boehner's tenure every bit speaker, which ended when he resigned from Congress in Oct 2015, was marked by multiple battles with the conservatives in his ain political party related to "Obama Care," appropriations, among other political issues.[25] This intra-party discord continued nether Boehner's successor, Paul Ryan.

Following the 2022 midterm elections which saw the election of a Democratic Political party majority in the House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi was elected speaker when the 116th Congress convened on January 3, 2019. When Republican leader John Boehner succeeded her as speaker in 2011, Pelosi remained the leader of the Democratic Party in the Firm of Representatives and served as House minority leader for eight years before she led her party to victory in the 2022 elections. In improver to being the starting time woman to hold the role, Pelosi became the starting time speaker to return to power since Sam Rayburn in the 1950s.[26]

Notable elections [edit]

Speaker Nancy Pelosi (right) with Vice President Dick Cheney backside President George W. Bush at the 2007 State of the Union Address making history as the start adult female to sit down backside the podium at such an address. President Bush-league acknowledged this by beginning his voice communication with the words, "Tonight, I have a high privilege and distinct honor of my own — as the starting time president to brainstorm the Land of the Union message with these words: Madam Speaker".[27]

Historically, in that location have been several controversial elections to the speakership, such equally the contest of 1839. In that case, even though the 26th United States Congress convened on December 2, the House could non begin the speakership election until December 14 because of an election dispute in New Jersey known as the "Broad Seal War". Two rival delegations, one Whig and the other Democrat, had been certified as elected by different branches of the New Jersey government. The problem was compounded past the fact that the result of the dispute would make up one's mind whether the Whigs or the Democrats held the majority. Neither party agreed to permit a speakership election with the reverse party's delegation participating. Finally, it was agreed to exclude both delegations from the ballot and a speaker was finally chosen on December 17.

Some other, more prolonged fight occurred in 1855 in the 34th United States Congress. The one-time Whig Political party had collapsed simply no single party had emerged to replace it. Candidates opposing the Democrats had run under a bewildering variety of labels, including Whig, Republican, American (Know Nothing), and simply "Opposition". By the time Congress actually met in December 1855, nigh of the northerners were full-bodied together equally Republicans, while well-nigh of the southerners and a few northerners used the American or Know Zero label. Opponents of the Democrats held a majority in House, with the party makeup of the 234 representatives existence 83 Democrats, 108 Republicans, and 43 Know Nothings (primarily southern oppositionists). The Democratic minority nominated William Alexander Richardson of Illinois as speaker, but because of sectional distrust, the various oppositionists were unable to agree on a single candidate for speaker. The Republicans supported Nathaniel Prentice Banks of Massachusetts, who had been elected equally a Know Nothing just was now largely identified with the Republicans. The southern Know Nothings supported beginning Humphrey Marshall of Kentucky, and then Henry M. Fuller of Pennsylvania. The voting went on for near 2 months with no candidate able to secure a bulk, until it was finally agreed to elect the speaker by plurality vote, and Banks was elected.[28] The House found itself in a similar dilemma when the 36th Congress met in December 1859. Although the Republicans held a plurality, the Republican candidate, John Sherman, was unacceptable to southern oppositionists due to his anti-slavery views, and once again the Firm was unable to elect a speaker. After Democrats allied with southern oppositionists to nearly elect the N Carolina oppositionist William N. H. Smith, Sherman finally withdrew in favor of compromise candidate William Pennington of New Jersey, a sometime Whig of unclear partisan loyalties, who was finally elected speaker on Feb i, 1860.[29]

The terminal time that an election for speaker went beyond ane ballot was in December 1923 at the start of the 68th Congress, when Republican Frederick H. Gillett needed 9 ballots to win reelection. Progressive Republicans had refused to back up Gillett in the first 8 ballots. Just afterward winning concessions from Republican conference leaders (a seat on the House Rules Commission and a pledge that requested House rules changes would exist considered) did they agree to support him.[thirty] [31]

In 1997, several Republican congressional leaders tried to forcefulness Speaker Newt Gingrich to resign. However, Gingrich refused since that would have required a new election for speaker, which could have led to Democrats along with dissenting Republicans voting for Democrat Dick Gephardt (then minority leader) equally speaker. Afterward the 1998 midterm elections where the Republicans lost seats, Gingrich did non stand for re-election. The next 2 figures in the Firm Republican leadership hierarchy, Majority Leader Richard Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay chose not to run for the office. The chairman of the House Appropriations Commission, Bob Livingston, declared his bid for the speakership, which was unopposed, making him speaker-designate. It was then revealed, by Livingston himself, who had been publicly critical of President Bill Clinton's perjury during his sexual harassment trial, that he had engaged in an extramarital affair. He opted to resign from the House, despite being urged to stay on by Business firm Autonomous leader Gephardt. Later on, the chief deputy whip Dennis Hastert was selected every bit speaker. The Republicans retained their majorities in the 2000, 2002, and 2004 elections.

The Democrats won a majority of seats in the 2006 midterm elections. On November 16, 2006, Nancy Pelosi, who was then minority leader, was selected as speaker-designate by House Democrats.[32] When the 110th Congress convened on January 4, 2007, she was elected as the 52nd speaker by a vote of 233–202, condign the first adult female elected speaker of the House.[33] Pelosi remained speaker through the 111th Congress.

Virtually recent ballot for speaker (2021) [edit]

The most recent ballot for Business firm speaker took place January three, 2021, on the opening day of the 117th Us Congress, two months subsequently the 2022 House elections in which the Democrats won a majority of the seats. Incumbent speaker, Democrat Nancy Pelosi, secured a narrow majority of the 427 votes cast and was elected to a fourth (second consecutive) term. She received 216 votes to Republican Kevin McCarthy'southward 209 votes, with two votes going to other persons; also, three representatives answered nowadays when their names were called.[34]

Partisan office [edit]

Paul Ryan taking the oath of role upon becoming speaker on October 29, 2015

The Constitution does non spell out the political role of the speaker. Every bit the function has developed historically, however, information technology has taken on a clearly partisan cast, very dissimilar from the speakership of most Westminster-style legislatures, such every bit the speaker of the United Kingdom'due south House of Commons, which is meant to exist scrupulously non-partisan. The speaker in the United States, by tradition, is the head of the majority political party in the House of Representatives, outranking the majority leader. Withal, despite having the right to vote, the speaker normally does not participate in debate.

The speaker is responsible for ensuring that the Business firm passes legislation supported by the majority party. In pursuing this goal, the speaker may use their power to make up one's mind when each beak reaches the floor. They also chair the majority party'south steering commission in the House. While the speaker is the functioning head of the Firm bulk party, the same is not true of the president pro tempore of the Senate, whose office is primarily ceremonial and honorary.

When the speaker and the president belong to the same party, the speaker tends to play the role in a more than ceremonial low-cal, as seen when Dennis Hastert played a very restrained role during the presidency of fellow Republican George West. Bush-league. However, when the speaker and the president belong to the same party, at that place are also times that the speaker plays a much larger role, and the speaker is tasked, eastward.1000., with pushing through the calendar of the majority party, often at the expense of the minority opposition. This can be seen, most of all, in the speakership of Democratic-Republican Henry Clay, who personally ensured the presidential victory of fellow Autonomous-Republican John Quincy Adams. Democrat Sam Rayburn was a key histrion in the passing of New Bargain legislation under the presidency of fellow Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (nether Theodore Roosevelt) was specially infamous for his marginalization of the minority Democrats and centralizing of authorization to the speakership. In more contempo times, Speaker Nancy Pelosi played a role in continuing the push for health care reform during the presidency of boyfriend Democrat Barack Obama.[35]

On the other hand, when the speaker and the president belong to contrary parties, the public role and influence of the speaker tend to increment. Equally the highest-ranking member of the opposition party (and de facto leader of the opposition), the speaker is usually the principal public opponent of the president's calendar. In this scenario, the speaker is known for undercutting the president's agenda past blocking measures by the minority party or rejecting bills by the Senate. One famous instance came in the form of Thomas Brackett Reed (nether Grover Cleveland), a speaker notorious for his successful attempt to force the Democrats to vote on measures where the Republicans had articulate majorities, which ensured that Cleveland's Democrats were in no position to claiming the Republicans in the House. Joseph Cannon was particularly unique in that he led the conservative "Old Guard" wing of the Republican Political party, while his president – Theodore Roosevelt – was of the more progressive clique, and more than just marginalizing the Democrats, Cannon used his power to punish the dissidents in his party and obstruct the progressive wing of the Republican Party.

More than modern examples include Tip O'Neill, who was a vocal opponent of President Ronald Reagan'south economical and defense force policies; Newt Gingrich, who fought a bitter battle with President Bill Clinton for control of domestic policy; Nancy Pelosi, who argued with President George W. Bush over the Iraq War;[22] John Boehner, who clashed with President Barack Obama over budget issues and wellness intendance;[36] and one time over again, Nancy Pelosi, who refused to support Donald Trump over funding for a border wall.[37]

Presiding officer [edit]

As presiding officer of the House of Representatives, the speaker holds a variety of powers over the Business firm and is ceremonially the highest-ranking legislative official in the U.s. government.[38] The speaker may delegate their powers to a member of the House to act equally speaker pro tempore and to preside over the House in the speaker's absence; when this has occurred the delegation has always been to a member of the same party.[39] During important debates, the speaker pro tempore is ordinarily a senior member of the majority party who may exist chosen for his or her skill in presiding. At other times, more junior members may be assigned to preside to give them feel with the rules and procedures of the House. The speaker may also designate, with approval of the House, a speaker pro tempore for special purposes, such as designating a representative whose district is nigh Washington, D.C. to sign enrolled bills during long recesses.

Nether the rules of the House, the speaker, "equally shortly every bit practicable later the election of the speaker and whenever appropriate thereafter", must deliver to the clerk of the House a confidential list of members who are designated to deed equally speaker in the case of a vacancy or physical inability of the speaker to perform their duties.[forty]

On the floor of the House, the presiding officeholder is always addressed as "Mister Speaker" or "Madam Speaker", fifty-fifty if that person is serving equally speaker pro tempore. When the House resolves itself into a Committee of the Whole, the speaker designates a member to preside over the committee, who is addressed as "Mister Chairman" or "Madam Chairwoman". To speak, members must seek the presiding officer's recognition. The presiding officer also rules on all points of society merely such rulings may be appealed to the whole House. The speaker is responsible for maintaining decorum in the House and may social club the Sergeant-at-Arms to enforce House rules.

The speaker's powers and duties extend beyond presiding in the sleeping accommodation. In particular, the speaker has great influence over the commission process. The speaker selects nine of the thirteen members of the powerful Committee on Rules, subject to the blessing of the entire majority party. The leadership of the minority party chooses the remaining 4 members. Furthermore, the speaker appoints all members of select committees and conference committees. Moreover, when a bill is introduced, the speaker determines which commission volition consider it. As a fellow member of the House, the speaker is entitled to participate in contend and to vote. Usually, the speaker votes but when the speaker's vote would be decisive or on matters of great importance, such as constitutional amendments or major legislation.[41] Under the early rules of the House, the speaker was generally barred from voting, but today the speaker has the aforementioned correct as other members to vote but only occasionally exercises it. The speaker may vote on whatsoever affair that comes before the House, and they are required to vote where their vote would exist decisive or where the Business firm is engaged in voting past ballot.[42]

Other functions [edit]

The speaker's office in the US Capitol, during the term of Dennis Hastert (1999–2007)

In addition to being the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives and representing their congressional district, the speaker also performs various other administrative and procedural functions, such as:

  • Oversees the officers of the House: the clerk, the sergeant-at-arms, the principal administrative officer, and the clergyman;
  • Serves every bit the chairperson of the House Function Building Committee;[43]
  • Appoints the House'due south parliamentarian,[44] historian, general counsel, and inspector full general;[45]
  • Administers the Firm audio and video broadcasting arrangement
  • In consultation with the minority leader, can devise a organisation of drug testing in the Firm.[43] This option has never been exercised.[46]
  • Receives reports or other communications from the president, government agencies, boards, and commissions.[43]
  • Receives, along with the president pro tempore of the Senate, written declarations that a U.S. president is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, or is able to resume them, under Sections 3 and 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment.[47]

Additionally, the speaker is second in the presidential line of succession under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947, immediately after the vice president and before the president pro tempore of the Senate (who is followed by members of the president'southward Cabinet). Thus, if both the presidency and vice-presidency were vacant simultaneously, so the speaker would go acting president, after resigning from the Business firm and every bit speaker.[48]

Ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, with its mechanism for filling an intra-term vice-presidential vacancy, has fabricated calling on the speaker, president pro tempore, or a cabinet member to serve equally interim president unlikely to happen, except in the aftermath of a catastrophic event.[48] Yet, simply a few years after information technology went into effect, in October 1973, at the height of Watergate, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned. With Agnew's unexpected difference and the land of Richard Nixon'south presidency, Speaker Carl Albert was suddenly kickoff in line to go acting president. The vacancy connected until Gerald Ford was sworn in equally vice president on Dec 6, 1973.[49] Albert was besides next in line from the time Ford assumed the presidency on August 9, 1974, following Nixon's resignation from role, until Ford'southward option to succeed him equally vice president, Nelson Rockefeller, was confirmed by Congress four months later.[48]

See too [edit]

  • Party leaders of the United States Firm of Representatives
  • Party leaders of the United States Senate

References [edit]

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  2. ^ a b Relyea, Harold C. (August 5, 2005). "Continuity of Government: Current Federal Arrangements and the Time to come" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. pp. ii–4. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  3. ^ Brudnick, Ida A. (January 4, 2012). "Congressional Salaries and Allowances" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Us Firm of Representatives. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 12, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
  4. ^ Heitshusen, Valerie (May 16, 2017). The Speaker of the House: Firm Officer, Political party Leader, and Representative (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2020. In fact, there is no requirement that the Speaker be a Member of the House.
  5. ^ Fram, Alan (January 3, 2021). "Pelosi narrowly reelected speaker, faces difficult 2021". AP News. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January three, 2021.
  6. ^ Forte, David F. "Essays on Commodity I: Speaker of the House". Heritage Guide to The Constitution. Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on August 22, 2020. Retrieved January xi, 2019.
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  8. ^ Grier, Peter (September 25, 2015). "John Boehner exit: Anyone can run for Business firm speaker, fifty-fifty you". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on November 25, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
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  15. ^ "Henry Dirt (1825–1829)". U.Due south. Presidents. Charlottesville, Virginia: Miller Eye of Public Affairs, Academy of Virginia. October 4, 2016. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
  16. ^ Robinson, William A. "Thomas B. Reed, Parliamentarian". The American Historical Review, Oct 1931. pp. 137–138.
  17. ^ Oleszek, Walter J. (December 1998). "A Pre-Twentieth Century Await at the House Committee on Rules". U.Due south. Firm of Representatives. Archived from the original on August 25, 2005. Retrieved July v, 2007.
  18. ^ Jones, Charles O. (August 1968). "Joseph G. Cannon and Howard W. Smith: An Essay on the Limits of Leadership in the Business firm of Representatives". The Journal of Politics. 30 (3): 617–646. doi:10.2307/2128798. JSTOR 2128798. S2CID 154012153.
  19. ^ "Sam Rayburn House Museum". Texas Historical Commission. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
  20. ^ See Party Divisions of United states of america Congresses
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  26. ^ Wire, Sarah D. (Jan 3, 2019). "Nancy Pelosi regains the House speaker'due south gavel as Democrats confront Trump over fractional shutdown". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on January xiv, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
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  28. ^ Allan Nevins. Ordeal of the Union, Volume II: A House Dividing 1852–1857 (New York, 1947), 413–415.
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Bibliography [edit]

  • Garraty, John, ed. American National Biography (1999) 20 volumes; contains scholarly biographies of all speakers no longer alive.
  • Light-green, Matthew N. The Speaker of the House: A Study of Leadership (Yale University Press; 2010) 292 pages; Examines partisan pressures and other factors that shaped the leadership of the speaker of the U.South. House of Representatives; focuses on the menses since 1940.
  • Grossman, Mark. Speakers of the House of Representatives (Amenia, NY: Grey House Publishing, 2009). The comprehensive work on the subject, covering, in depth, the lives of the speakers from Frederick Muhlenberg to Nancy Pelosi.
  • Heitshusen, Valerie (Nov 26, 2018). "Speakers of the Firm: Elections, 1913–2017" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved December xviii, 2018.
  • Remini, Robert V. The House: the History of the House of Representatives (Smithsonian Books, 2006). The standard scholarly history.
  • Rohde, David W. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House (1991).
  • Smock, Raymond W., and Susan West. Hammond, eds. Masters of the House: Congressional Leadership Over 2 Centuries (1998). Short biographies of fundamental leaders.
  • Zelizer. Julian Due east. ed. The American Congress: The Building of Commonwealth (2004). A comprehensive history by twoscore scholars.

External links [edit]

  • "Capitol Questions." C-SPAN (2003). Notable elections and role.
  • The Cannon Centenary Conference: The Changing Nature of the Speakership. (2003). House Document 108–204. History, nature and part of the speakership.
  • Congressional Quarterly's Guide to Congress, 5th ed. (2000). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
  • Wilson, Woodrow. (1885). Congressional Authorities. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
U.South. presidential line of succession
Preceded by

Vice President
Kamala Harris

2nd in line Succeeded by

President pro tempore of the Senate
Patrick Leahy

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

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